100,000 consumers
Controlling or processing personal data of at least 100,000 Virginia consumers in a calendar year. Visitors to a site with ad cookies count.
Guide · US state law
Virginia was the second US state to pass a broad privacy law and became a model for many others. Here you will understand when it applies to your site, what the law calls targeted advertising and what the visitor can refuse.
What it is
The Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or VCDPA, is in the Code of Virginia, sections 59.1-575 to 59.1-584. It was passed in 2021 and took effect on January 1, 2023, the same day the CPRA changes took effect in California.
Unlike the Californian law, the VCDPA was born with a leaner structure, similar to the European GDPR: controllers, processors, data protection assessment and consent for sensitive data. States such as Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, Texas and Oregon copied much of this design.
For a site with ads, the practical effect is this: if the law applies to you, the Virginia visitor can refuse targeted advertising, and your privacy policy must explain how they do it.
The law works by opt-out for ads. In other words, it does not require asking permission before showing personalized ads to adults. Prior permission is only required for sensitive data.
Checklist
They apply to anyone who exceeds one of the thresholds of the Virginia law.
If the site does targeted advertising or sells data, it must say so clearly and visibly, along with how to opt out. The law does not define the link text.
Footer: Your Privacy Choices, leading to the targeted advertising opt-out screen
The notice lists the categories of data, the purposes, how to exercise rights and appeal, the data shared with third parties and the types of third parties.
Categories of data: cookie identifiers and browsing data. Purpose: displaying and measuring ads. Third parties: ad networks.
The channels for exercising rights must be secure and reliable and cannot require the visitor to create an account.
Sensitive data can only be processed with consent. For a known child, parental consent in the format of the COPPA law applies, and the law prohibits selling precise location.
The response comes within 45 days, extendable once by another 45, and is free up to twice a year. The appeal gets a response in 60 days, with the path to complain to the attorney general.
Targeted advertising, sale of data, risky profiling and sensitive data require a documented assessment, for activities created after January 1, 2023.
The site cannot deny service or charge a different price to someone who used the rights in the law.
In the Virginia section or the US National section of the GPP string, an opt-out of sale or targeted advertising turns on RDP. Google's US states message also covers Virginia.
// GPT: liga o processamento restrito de dados (RDP)
// para quem recusou a venda ou a publicidade direcionada
googletag.cmd.push(function () {
googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({
restrictDataProcessing: true
});
});In practice
Official tools
Google does not require a certified CMP for Virginia. Use Google's US states message, a CMP that generates GPP, or RDP in the tag. These are the official links.
Who it applies to
The VCDPA applies to those who do business in Virginia or offer products and services to residents of the state and reach one of the thresholds below in a year. There is no revenue threshold: a small company with a lot of traffic can be covered.
Controlling or processing personal data of at least 100,000 Virginia consumers in a calendar year. Visitors to a site with ad cookies count.
Processing data of at least 25,000 consumers and getting more than 50% of gross revenue from the sale of personal data.
Public bodies, nonprofits, universities, financial institutions subject to the federal GLBA and health entities subject to HIPAA.
The law protects residents acting in a personal or household context. Employee and business contact data are left out.
Definitions
The VCDPA defines each concept more narrowly than California, and this changes the outcome quite a bit.
Any information linked, or reasonably linkable, to an identified or identifiable person. Anonymized and public data are excluded.
Racial or ethnic origin, religion, health diagnosis, sexual orientation, immigration status, genetic and biometric data, data of a known child and precise location within a 1,750-foot radius, about 530 meters.
Exchange of personal data for money with a third party. Virginia only counts payment in money, unlike states that include other types of value.
An ad chosen based on data from the person's activities over time on other companies' sites and apps. Contextual ads or ads based only on your own site do not count.
Rights
The company responds within 45 days, extendable once for another 45. Up to two requests a year are free, and those whose request is denied can appeal.
Confirm whether the company processes their data, see that data and receive a copy in a format that can be taken to another service.
Correct wrong data and request deletion of data provided by them or obtained about them.
Opt out of targeted advertising, the sale of data and profiling used in decisions with legal or similarly significant effects.
Appeal a denial. The company has 60 days to respond to the appeal and, if it denies again, must say how to complain to the attorney general.
Site obligations
The company needs a clear, accessible privacy notice. It must list the categories of data processed, the purposes, how to exercise rights and appeal, the categories of data passed to third parties and the categories of those third parties.
If the site does targeted advertising or sells data, this must be written clearly and visibly, along with the path to opt out. The law does not define the exact text of the link, but the path must be secure, reliable and cannot require creating a new account.
Sensitive data can only be processed with consent. For a known child, that is, under 13, parental consent in the format of the federal COPPA law applies. The law also prohibits selling precise location and, without that parental consent, using a known child's data for targeted advertising or sale.
The VCDPA does not require the site to honor automatic browser signals, such as Global Privacy Control. Many sites honor GPC anyway, because other states require it and because a single national rule is simpler to maintain.
Timeline
The VCDPA has changed little since it took effect. The amendments mostly dealt with children and teens.
Virginia becomes the second state with a broad consumer privacy law.
The rights, the opt-out of targeted advertising and the data protection assessments take effect.
Amendments expand protections for known children's data, such as limits on targeted advertising and precise location.
An amendment creates rules for social media platforms with users under 16, such as a daily usage limit. It does not target blogs or portals.
Assessments, enforcement and fines
The covered company must conduct and keep a data protection assessment for targeted advertising, sale of data, high-risk profiling, sensitive data and other high-risk processing. The assessment weighs benefits and risks to the consumer and applies to activities created after January 1, 2023. The attorney general can request it in an investigation, and it is protected from public disclosure.
Only the Virginia attorney general enforces the law. Individuals cannot sue a company under the VCDPA.
Before filing a lawsuit, the attorney general must send a written notice. The company has 30 days to cure and send a statement that it has cured and will not repeat. Unlike other states, this cure period has no end date.
If the company does not cure or violates again, the civil penalty is up to $7,500 per violation, plus expenses and fees. Since each affected visitor can be counted separately, the amount can get high even for a simple failure.
AdSense and Ad Manager
AdSense and Ad Manager read the GPP string, the IAB Tech Lab format for privacy signals. For Virginia, Google accepts the state's own section and the US National section. When the visitor opts out of sale or targeted advertising, Google turns on restricted data processing, or RDP, and starts showing only non-personalized ads.
In the Virginia section, Google also reads the consent field for sensitive data of a known child and applies child treatment when needed.
The Privacy message for US states, in AdSense and Ad Manager, includes Virginia. It shows the opt-out link and saves the choice in GPP. Another option is to turn on RDP directly in the ad tag for those who opted out through the site's own link.
Remember that header bidding, video, pixels and widgets from other companies also receive data. The opt-out must reach all of them, not just Google.
In practice
Everyday examples from a site with ads and Virginia visitors.
Common errors
The law is simpler than California's, but the same problems appear.
The site shows the opt-out message only for California and forgets Virginia and the other states with similar laws.
The policy talks about cookies, but does not say the data is used for targeted advertising or how to opt out.
The visitor clicks opt out, but no GPP string is generated and the ad request goes out without RDP.
The company is above the threshold, does targeted advertising and has no written data protection assessment.
In ConsentMode
For adults' personalized ads, no. The law asks for an opt-out, not prior permission. Consent is only required for sensitive data, such as health and precise location.
Virginia only considers an exchange for money a sale. Even if there is no sale, personalized ads based on browsing on other sites are targeted advertising, and the visitor can opt out.
The VCDPA text does not require it. But California, Colorado, Connecticut and Oregon do, so it is usually simpler to honor GPC nationwide.
You have 30 days to cure and send a written statement. If you cure, there is no lawsuit. If you do not cure or repeat the failure, the fine can reach $7,500 per violation.
No. ConsentMode audits the site from the outside and shows which partners receive data and which signals are sent, which helps in writing the assessment. The document is the company's responsibility.
Library
This guide was written from these official pages. Read them directly at the source:
The audit opens the site as a Virginia visitor and shows what to fix, without changing anything.