Open workspace

Guide · US state law

VCDPA: Virginia's law explained for those with ads

Virginia was the second US state to pass a broad privacy law and became a model for many others. Here you will understand when it applies to your site, what the law calls targeted advertising and what the visitor can refuse.

  • ✓Based on the official text of the Code of Virginia
  • ✓Examples designed for sites with AdSense and Ad Manager
  • ✓Read-only scan, no changes to the site
100,000Virginia consumers per year: the main threshold for the law to apply
30 daysperiod to cure a failure after the attorney general's notice, before any lawsuit
$7,500maximum civil penalty per violation
45 daysdeadline to respond to consumer requests, extendable once for the same period

What it is

The law that served as a model for half of the United States

The Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or VCDPA, is in the Code of Virginia, sections 59.1-575 to 59.1-584. It was passed in 2021 and took effect on January 1, 2023, the same day the CPRA changes took effect in California.

Unlike the Californian law, the VCDPA was born with a leaner structure, similar to the European GDPR: controllers, processors, data protection assessment and consent for sensitive data. States such as Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, Texas and Oregon copied much of this design.

For a site with ads, the practical effect is this: if the law applies to you, the Virginia visitor can refuse targeted advertising, and your privacy policy must explain how they do it.

The law works by opt-out for ads. In other words, it does not require asking permission before showing personalized ads to adults. Prior permission is only required for sensitive data.

Checklist

What you need to meet

They apply to anyone who exceeds one of the thresholds of the Virginia law.

  1. Show clearly how to opt out

    If the site does targeted advertising or sells data, it must say so clearly and visibly, along with how to opt out. The law does not define the link text.

    Example

    Footer: Your Privacy Choices, leading to the targeted advertising opt-out screen

  2. Publish a complete privacy notice

    The notice lists the categories of data, the purposes, how to exercise rights and appeal, the data shared with third parties and the types of third parties.

    Example

    Categories of data: cookie identifiers and browsing data. Purpose: displaying and measuring ads. Third parties: ad networks.

  3. Do not require a new account

    The channels for exercising rights must be secure and reliable and cannot require the visitor to create an account.

  4. Ask for consent for sensitive data

    Sensitive data can only be processed with consent. For a known child, parental consent in the format of the COPPA law applies, and the law prohibits selling precise location.

  5. Respond and accept appeals

    The response comes within 45 days, extendable once by another 45, and is free up to twice a year. The appeal gets a response in 60 days, with the path to complain to the attorney general.

  6. Do the data protection assessment

    Targeted advertising, sale of data, risky profiling and sensitive data require a documented assessment, for activities created after January 1, 2023.

  7. Do not treat people worse for exercising rights

    The site cannot deny service or charge a different price to someone who used the rights in the law.

  8. Pass the opt-out to Google

    In the Virginia section or the US National section of the GPP string, an opt-out of sale or targeted advertising turns on RDP. Google's US states message also covers Virginia.

    // GPT: liga o processamento restrito de dados (RDP)
    // para quem recusou a venda ou a publicidade direcionada
    googletag.cmd.push(function () {
      googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({
        restrictDataProcessing: true
      });
    });

In practice

Right and wrong

Official tools

Certified CMPs and official links

Google does not require a certified CMP for Virginia. Use Google's US states message, a CMP that generates GPP, or RDP in the tag. These are the official links.

Who it applies to

Visitor volume, not revenue

The VCDPA applies to those who do business in Virginia or offer products and services to residents of the state and reach one of the thresholds below in a year. There is no revenue threshold: a small company with a lot of traffic can be covered.

100,000 consumers

Controlling or processing personal data of at least 100,000 Virginia consumers in a calendar year. Visitors to a site with ad cookies count.

25,000 and more than half of revenue

Processing data of at least 25,000 consumers and getting more than 50% of gross revenue from the sale of personal data.

Who is left out

Public bodies, nonprofits, universities, financial institutions subject to the federal GLBA and health entities subject to HIPAA.

Individual consumers only

The law protects residents acting in a personal or household context. Employee and business contact data are left out.

Definitions

The terms that matter for people who sell ads

The VCDPA defines each concept more narrowly than California, and this changes the outcome quite a bit.

Personal data

Any information linked, or reasonably linkable, to an identified or identifiable person. Anonymized and public data are excluded.

Sensitive data

Racial or ethnic origin, religion, health diagnosis, sexual orientation, immigration status, genetic and biometric data, data of a known child and precise location within a 1,750-foot radius, about 530 meters.

Sale

Exchange of personal data for money with a third party. Virginia only counts payment in money, unlike states that include other types of value.

Targeted advertising

An ad chosen based on data from the person's activities over time on other companies' sites and apps. Contextual ads or ads based only on your own site do not count.

Rights

What the Virginia visitor can ask for

The company responds within 45 days, extendable once for another 45. Up to two requests a year are free, and those whose request is denied can appeal.

Access and portability

Confirm whether the company processes their data, see that data and receive a copy in a format that can be taken to another service.

Correction and deletion

Correct wrong data and request deletion of data provided by them or obtained about them.

Opt-out

Opt out of targeted advertising, the sale of data and profiling used in decisions with legal or similarly significant effects.

Appeal

Appeal a denial. The company has 60 days to respond to the appeal and, if it denies again, must say how to complain to the attorney general.

Site obligations

Privacy notice, opt-out and sensitive data

The company needs a clear, accessible privacy notice. It must list the categories of data processed, the purposes, how to exercise rights and appeal, the categories of data passed to third parties and the categories of those third parties.

If the site does targeted advertising or sells data, this must be written clearly and visibly, along with the path to opt out. The law does not define the exact text of the link, but the path must be secure, reliable and cannot require creating a new account.

Sensitive data can only be processed with consent. For a known child, that is, under 13, parental consent in the format of the federal COPPA law applies. The law also prohibits selling precise location and, without that parental consent, using a known child's data for targeted advertising or sale.

The VCDPA does not require the site to honor automatic browser signals, such as Global Privacy Control. Many sites honor GPC anyway, because other states require it and because a single national rule is simpler to maintain.

Timeline

The dates of Virginia's law

The VCDPA has changed little since it took effect. The amendments mostly dealt with children and teens.

  1. 2021

    Law passed

    Virginia becomes the second state with a broad consumer privacy law.

  2. January 1, 2023

    Entry into force

    The rights, the opt-out of targeted advertising and the data protection assessments take effect.

  3. 2024

    Rules for children

    Amendments expand protections for known children's data, such as limits on targeted advertising and precise location.

  4. 2025

    Social media and under 16

    An amendment creates rules for social media platforms with users under 16, such as a daily usage limit. It does not target blogs or portals.

Assessments, enforcement and fines

Written assessment, prior notice and fine of up to $7,500

The covered company must conduct and keep a data protection assessment for targeted advertising, sale of data, high-risk profiling, sensitive data and other high-risk processing. The assessment weighs benefits and risks to the consumer and applies to activities created after January 1, 2023. The attorney general can request it in an investigation, and it is protected from public disclosure.

Only the Virginia attorney general enforces the law. Individuals cannot sue a company under the VCDPA.

Before filing a lawsuit, the attorney general must send a written notice. The company has 30 days to cure and send a statement that it has cured and will not repeat. Unlike other states, this cure period has no end date.

If the company does not cure or violates again, the civil penalty is up to $7,500 per violation, plus expenses and fees. Since each affected visitor can be counted separately, the amount can get high even for a simple failure.

AdSense and Ad Manager

How Google treats Virginia visitors

AdSense and Ad Manager read the GPP string, the IAB Tech Lab format for privacy signals. For Virginia, Google accepts the state's own section and the US National section. When the visitor opts out of sale or targeted advertising, Google turns on restricted data processing, or RDP, and starts showing only non-personalized ads.

In the Virginia section, Google also reads the consent field for sensitive data of a known child and applies child treatment when needed.

The Privacy message for US states, in AdSense and Ad Manager, includes Virginia. It shows the opt-out link and saves the choice in GPP. Another option is to turn on RDP directly in the ad tag for those who opted out through the site's own link.

Remember that header bidding, video, pixels and widgets from other companies also receive data. The opt-out must reach all of them, not just Google.

In practice

What is and is not allowed in Virginia

Everyday examples from a site with ads and Virginia visitors.

Allowed

  • Showing personalized ads to adults without asking permission first, offering the opt-out
  • Using an opt-out link in the footer that leads to a simple choice screen
  • Saving the opt-out in the Virginia section or the US National section of the GPP string
  • Requiring login for the access request of those who already have an account on the site
  • Answering a complex request within 90 days, notifying the visitor within the first 45

Not allowed

  • Requiring the visitor to create an account just to opt out of targeted ads
  • Processing health data or precise location without consent
  • Selling visitors' precise location, even with notice
  • Hiding in the policy that the site does targeted advertising
  • Charging for the first two requests of the year from the same visitor

Common errors

Where sites with ads usually stumble

The law is simpler than California's, but the same problems appear.

Thinking only California matters

The site shows the opt-out message only for California and forgets Virginia and the other states with similar laws.

Policy without the word ads

The policy talks about cookies, but does not say the data is used for targeted advertising or how to opt out.

Opt-out that does not reach Google

The visitor clicks opt out, but no GPP string is generated and the ad request goes out without RDP.

Assessment that was never done

The company is above the threshold, does targeted advertising and has no written data protection assessment.

In ConsentMode

What the audit checks about the VCDPA

  • Opens the site as a Virginia visitor and looks for the targeted advertising opt-out link or button.
  • Identifies the CMP from the page code and checks whether it shows the message outside California as well.
  • Reads the GPP string in ad requests and shows whether the Virginia section or US National indicates the opt-out after the click.
  • Turns on GPC and records whether the site changes the signal, which is not required in Virginia, but is in other states.
  • Reads the privacy policy and points out whether purposes, categories of third parties, rights and the appeal path are missing.

Frequently asked questions about the VCDPA

Do I need a consent banner for Virginia?

For adults' personalized ads, no. The law asks for an opt-out, not prior permission. Consent is only required for sensitive data, such as health and precise location.

Does AdSense count as a sale of data in Virginia?

Virginia only considers an exchange for money a sale. Even if there is no sale, personalized ads based on browsing on other sites are targeted advertising, and the visitor can opt out.

Am I required to honor GPC in Virginia?

The VCDPA text does not require it. But California, Colorado, Connecticut and Oregon do, so it is usually simpler to honor GPC nationwide.

What happens if the attorney general notifies me?

You have 30 days to cure and send a written statement. If you cure, there is no lawsuit. If you do not cure or repeat the failure, the fine can reach $7,500 per violation.

Does ConsentMode do the data protection assessment?

No. ConsentMode audits the site from the outside and shows which partners receive data and which signals are sent, which helps in writing the assessment. The document is the company's responsibility.

Library

Official sources

This guide was written from these official pages. Read them directly at the source:

Check whether the Virginia opt-out reaches your ads

The audit opens the site as a Virginia visitor and shows what to fix, without changing anything.

Start the audit